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more senses than one. It is not only the beginning of a new year, but the be- ginning of the second century of the organized temper- ance movement in America. Mind you, I say temper- ance movement, in this case, not anti-drink movement. It was on April 13, 1808, that Dr. Billy J. Clark, in the town of Moreau in Saratoga County, N. Y., started the first temperance society on this hemisphere of which we have any record. This movement as first begun was a temperance movement in the true sense of the term. The mem- bers of Clark's society pledged themselves to abstain from the use of ardent spirits and to use for stimulat- ing beverages beer and mild wines. Success of the Original Temperance Movement. For nearly half a century the temperance movement continued along that line, and its success was marked. About the middle of last century the total abstainers 152 Opinions of Early Statesmen. secured control of the movement, and first turned the pledge into one of -total abstinence from all alcoholic beverages, following this up with the demand for the prohibition of them by law. It was now no longer a temperance movement, but the reverse, and the old societies broke up and vanished. In place of a move- ment which had materially assisted the social move-